transcript

Speaker 1:
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Speaker 3:
[00:30] One, two, one, two, three, four. Give me a break.

Speaker 4:
[00:34] Give me a break. Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat bar.

Speaker 5:
[00:39] Give me a break.

Speaker 3:
[00:40] Give me a break. Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat bar.

Speaker 4:
[00:51] Give me a break. Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat bar. Have a break. Have a Kit Kat.

Speaker 5:
[00:59] Welcome to the deep sea of Smologies. Smologies are for anyone, really. They're for kids. They're classroom safe, they're good-friendly, G-rated. They're for anyone who wants a shorter digest of our episodes. They're small. So welcome to Jellyfish. I loved making this one. What are jellyfish? What do they look like? What are they doing? You're about to find out. Okay. So Medusology, it is a word. It's the study of jellyfish, and it comes from Linnaeus, who named jellyfish Medusae after the Greek Gorgon, who had snakes for hair and turned men into stone. And according to many scholars, is a symbol for female rage. So I don't know what kind of complex feelings Linnaeus had about women or jellyfish. But either way, there are over 2000 species of jellyfish, some in forms that are teeny tiny, and others like the lion's mane are over three feet in diameter at certain points in their life. So this Medusologist is about to become your favorite Medusologist. So get ready to deep dive on everything from mouths to butts to peeing on yourself, to pool noodles, freshwater jellies, polyps, frilly tentacles, and more with the world's most charming Medusologist, Dr. Rebecca Helm. I don't know, Jack, about jellyfish, so I'm blank canvas over here. You're going to tell me everything.

Speaker 6:
[02:40] I'm good.

Speaker 5:
[02:41] And so tell me, what is a jellyfish exactly?

Speaker 6:
[02:46] So a jellyfish is the last step in this complex life cycle of animals that collectively we could call Medusa zoans.

Speaker 5:
[02:56] Medusa zoans.

Speaker 6:
[02:59] Medusa, like, you know, lady with the crazy snake hair, and then zoa, because they're animals. So, you know, we got these Medusa zoa, and they have this three-part life cycle, which is honestly why I love them so much. I mean, one of many reasons. But one of my favorite reasons is that they look like three totally different animals at different parts of their life cycle. So the first part is called a planula, and it's just like this little itty bitty grain of sugar sized swimming fuzzy pill, right? Just looks like this little kind of moldy pill floating through the water, those little hairs sticking off of it. And it can live like that for a while. And that's just like the larva that forms.

Speaker 5:
[03:46] So those are the babies. And then what's stage two?

Speaker 6:
[03:49] Right, so stage two would be when they settle and they form what's called a polyp. And it basically, in the case of a jelly, it looks like a jellyfish that got slipped upside down and it's kind of stuck to the seafloor. And so it's got a little mouth and a little ring of tentacles around the mouth. And then it's got this little body column, right? And just sort of sticks to the seafloor. It's very small, like a breadcrumb. The polyp is really the stage that lasts for like decades. So polyps can live a super long time. So it'd be like, you know, human baby finds a nice place to settle down, you know, and it just like grows into like a person.

Speaker 5:
[04:31] Okay.

Speaker 6:
[04:33] Polyps are really like that stage. They're like the persistent long live stage.

Speaker 5:
[04:38] Okay, so a planula is the moldy green pill looking teeny tiny baby. And then they grow a little bit more and they become these breadcrumb sized polyps that look like sideshow bob in a tube dress. But what are they doing on the seafloor? What are they doing?

Speaker 6:
[04:55] They might clone themselves. So they have some cool cloning tricks that they do where they like split themselves in half like a little cell dividing. They can just sort of split in half or they can leave like little footprints of cells behind them. They don't really crawl very fast. Maybe like a step every week. Really slow. Take your time. But every time they do, they leave a little footprint of cells and those cells are like little polyp seeds and they can actually hatch into new polyps at some later date.

Speaker 5:
[05:26] This is happening on the ocean floor typically?

Speaker 6:
[05:29] It's all happening on the ocean floor.

Speaker 5:
[05:31] Wow.

Speaker 6:
[05:32] Typically, you're right. Typically is the perfect word because biology is in love with exceptions. But yes, typically it's happening on the ocean floor.

Speaker 5:
[05:41] Oh my God. Then when do they decide that it's time to just grow up and get reproducing?

Speaker 6:
[05:48] Right. Well, so they like bud part of themself off. So they bud the little reproductive part off. So some jellyfish will actually fission down the side of their body. So like you can sort of imagine like, I don't know, wearing like hard pants and belts. It's probably going to look kind of similar for me when you're wearing a pants that are too tight and you got like a little ponch. They sort of look like that, like polyps get a little like ponch.

Speaker 5:
[06:14] Oh my God. I mean, we are all literally falling in love with this person's brain right now, right?

Speaker 6:
[06:18] Like they're wearing a belt that's too tight. And then the top of that ponch will like grow into a little jellyfish and pop off.

Speaker 5:
[06:25] No.

Speaker 6:
[06:27] And others, they'll bud little jellyfish off the side.

Speaker 5:
[06:32] And then what do those do?

Speaker 6:
[06:34] Right. Well, and so this, they're the reproductive stage. That's what jellyfish are.

Speaker 5:
[06:39] Oh my God. Okay.

Speaker 6:
[06:40] So they're this like reproductive stage that like sails into the ocean and like reproduces.

Speaker 5:
[06:47] Unbelievable. And how are they functioning? Because they are transparent. You don't see any brains or stomachs. Like how are they even pulling any of this off? Like what do they even have in that little umbrella?

Speaker 6:
[07:02] I know. They're so inspiringly minimalist.

Speaker 5:
[07:08] They Marie Kondo'd all their organs.

Speaker 6:
[07:10] They did. Just none. None left. And they don't even have a butt. They just have one hole. Right. So it's just like, we're just going to do everything using this one hole. So they've just got this like central like mouth anus, this mainus in the middle. You know, and they'll take in food and then they'll digest it in this big body cavity that sort of acts like, you know, a stomach, but it's also a circulatory system.

Speaker 5:
[07:36] Oh my god.

Speaker 6:
[07:37] Yeah, so they're just like, we don't need two things for this. This can be done together. And some of them have these like really long, frilly tendrils coming off the mouth. We call them oral arms. They sort of look like streamers. You know, they're very nice. Some jellies anyway have like inside tentacles, so you've got like your outside tentacles and then you might have these tentacle like gastric seri on the inside that are also covered in stinging cells and they just kind of turn around.

Speaker 5:
[08:04] Do they breathe?

Speaker 6:
[08:06] They don't have lungs, but they do breathe. Most jellyfish breathe.

Speaker 5:
[08:10] Are most jellyfish, are they usually transparent? What kind of array are we talking aesthetically?

Speaker 6:
[08:17] Every color of the rainbow, all over the place.

Speaker 5:
[08:21] Okay.

Speaker 6:
[08:21] Yeah. So we've got our white jellyfish, like moon jellyfish. They're kind of like opaque-y, milky white, you know. We got some really like not transparent, super white jellyfish, and one of my favorite jellyfish in the whole world is called the barrel jellyfish.

Speaker 5:
[08:38] Okay. Just quick aside, the barrel jellyfish is a larger jelly, and it can grow to be two and a half meters across. It's got these eight frilly tentacles and a big mushroom helmet top, and it looks kind of like an oceanic version of the Scrubbing Bubbles commercial.

Speaker 6:
[08:53] And they are white with this bright blue ring around the side. Oh, so pretty. You're gorgeous. And then, you know, we've got purple, blue, red. Red's pretty common. Black. Sometimes you'll see black. Black jellyfish?

Speaker 5:
[09:10] I didn't know there were black jellyfish. That sounds so goth. Gooey.

Speaker 6:
[09:15] So goth. They're deep sea too. So they're like just like cold and dark and black.

Speaker 5:
[09:19] PS looked them up and they look like a jellyfish wearing a crushed velvet, dark purple cape. Now, black jellyfish are also called black sea nettle or the sarlacc jellyfish. Yes, the sarlacc jellyfish. And no, you're not imagining that jellyfish names are just up there in taxonomy treasures with mushroom names in terms of zany creativity. And as long as we're here, let's just bloop through a very tiny sampling of jellyfish names. Flower hat jellyfish, blue blubber, cauliflower jellyfish, the fried egg, which honestly looks like breakfast and a caramel flan had a baby. There's also the pink meanie. Now, why is there such a variety? Why do some of them have really long, colorful tentacles and some don't? Like, are there different types of jellyfish?

Speaker 6:
[10:09] Yes, there are four types. Okay. Yep. Okay. Four-ish, four plus minus types. You know, scientists, we fight. So we've got the box jellyfish, which is shaped like squares, and they've got like tentacles and four little corners. You do not want to get stung by one of those.

Speaker 5:
[10:33] I've heard bad things.

Speaker 6:
[10:34] Very bad. I mean, I love them. They're like really clever. They're great. So that's one group. Then we've got the very poorly known, but very endearing star jellyfish or star zoans. And they're actually jellyfish that sit on the bottom all the time. They're stuck to the bottom. Stuck jellyfish is another word for them. They're really cute. They're like, you know, maybe the size of your thumb. They don't really sting. They've got these really great little tentacle pom poms. So they're shaped like little wine glasses. But if wine glasses had little like pom poms on them.

Speaker 5:
[11:11] Oh, what little sweeties.

Speaker 6:
[11:14] They're very cute. Yeah, I love them. And they do little summer salts too to get around. So they'll live on like a blade of seagrass, you know? And they think to themselves like, I want to be at the top of this blade of seagrass. They'll like bend over and like use their little pom poms to sort of stick to the blade of seagrass and they'll flip their little stock over to the other side and kind of attach and just do that over and over again.

Speaker 5:
[11:36] Oh, they sound like a creation of Dr. Seuss.

Speaker 6:
[11:38] Yeah, I think they would be perfect. And then we've got our water jellyfish or hydrazoans, biggest diversity of jellyfish, but they're all pretty small, like maybe, you know, your fingernail size, maybe bottle cap, and they're all pretty clear.

Speaker 5:
[11:55] Okay, so to recap those types so far, there's box jellyfish, stocked or star jellyfish, and hydrazoans. Now, I would also like you to know that a group of jellyfish is called a smack. You're welcome. Now, what about when we think of jellyfish, those flowing, vengeful Medusa lox, that thrumming, quiet majesty, the danger?

Speaker 6:
[12:20] And then the last group is called skyphozoa, and these are like your big, charismatic aquarium jellyfish, right, that got a little like frilly arm parts, right, and have their little like tentacles out, and there are lots of different colors, and these are the ones that also that, you know, will ruin your beach vacation. They've got sort of two modes. They've got the frilly, long tendrils coming off the mouth mode, so that's one group, and then the other group is this filter feeding group that has like a cauliflower stuck to the back of them.

Speaker 5:
[12:56] Oh, what are they doing with that?

Speaker 6:
[12:58] So they're filtering out seawater, so they're like filter feeders, really very peaceful, beautiful filter feeders. And that big, like, cauliflower looking thing is actually a complex of like a thousand little mouths that just suck in food from the water.

Speaker 5:
[13:14] Oh my god. What about brains? Do they have brains?

Speaker 6:
[13:17] They don't really have brains.

Speaker 5:
[13:19] How do they do anything?

Speaker 6:
[13:20] They're like cloud computers, so, or really, they think like a cloud computing system. Or they've got these central regions of concentrated neurons at various points along the edge of their bowl or bell shaped body. So like right on that margin, you know, like every couple inches, there'll be this little spot. And it's called a rupalia. And it has a little sort of very simple eyeball and a very simple sort of up down, where am I in the world, sensory structure, and then a little cluster of neurons. And so each one of those kind of takes in its little wedge of the world that it sees and reports back to every other one. And then collectively, they kind of all make decisions together.

Speaker 5:
[14:12] So but they are one single organism, right?

Speaker 6:
[14:16] Yes. Oh, yes.

Speaker 7:
[14:17] Yes. Yeah.

Speaker 6:
[14:18] But it would be sort of like if you had like a quarter of your brain on one hand, a quarter on the other, a quarter on one foot, and a quarter on the other foot, right? And like no one was the boss, you know? Everyone has equal say. But when one is like really screaming, like there's food over here, we should go over here. Then everyone's like, I also love food. I'm going to go there as well. Yeah. So.

Speaker 5:
[14:42] And so when we see them in the ocean or in an aquarium, we are typically seeing like them in their reproductive phase because that's when they're kind of the most attention getting.

Speaker 6:
[14:53] Yeah. Yeah. They're really, I mean, it's their sort of like flower phase. If we just want to throw around like a million different metaphors, right? It's a very showy, attractive phase, very bizarre, hypnotic phase.

Speaker 5:
[15:07] Can I ask you Patreon questions?

Speaker 6:
[15:09] Yes, of course.

Speaker 5:
[15:10] Okay. People have so many Jellyfish questions, they're pumped. Okay. But before your questions, a few words from sponsors who make it possible to donate to A Cause of the Ologist's Choosing. This week, Dr. Jellyfish chose the Vancouver Aquarium. That donation was made possible by award-approved sponsors of the show, who you may hear about now.

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Speaker 7:
[16:02] Why have we asked our contractor we found on angie.com to be our kid's legal guardian? Because he took such good care when redoing our basement that we knew we could trust him to care for our kids, all eight of them. Should something happen to us?

Speaker 5:
[16:15] Are you my dad now?

Speaker 2:
[16:18] No.

Speaker 8:
[16:19] Sorry.

Speaker 1:
[16:19] I do basements.

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[16:22] Connecting homeowners with skilled pros for over 30 years.

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[16:27] Find pros for all your home projects at angie.com.

Speaker 5:
[16:31] Okay. Your questions. Lightning round. Here we go. I'm ready. Star, simple question. I didn't ask. Glad they asked it. Is what is the clear part that looks like the top of a mushroom made out of? What is it?

Speaker 6:
[16:45] The technical term is called mesoglia.

Speaker 5:
[16:49] Okay.

Speaker 6:
[16:51] It's kind of like cartilage. It's got a ton of collagen in there. It's just like lots of cartilage and water.

Speaker 5:
[17:00] Wow. We learned a new thing.

Speaker 6:
[17:02] No cells. No real cells to speak of. There are a couple, maybe like their little wandering cells that kind of like float through the mesoglia, or really they crawl because it's kind of thick and jello-y, but it's mostly not cells.

Speaker 5:
[17:17] How does it exist if it's not made of the things that alive things are made of?

Speaker 6:
[17:22] It's just got the two layers of cells and that's it. So it has the outside layer, and then it's got the layer around its stomach vascular system. That's it. And then all the middle stuff is just like cartilage.

Speaker 5:
[17:36] Wow. That is absolutely nuts. I would never have thought that that was all just goopy stuff made out of animal cells. Oh, that's crazy. OK, Chelsea Primo wants to know, do jellyfish have any control over their lives, or are they like me and just at the mercy of the ebb and flow of the tides of life?

Speaker 6:
[17:59] I mean, yes. Yes and no. I mean, I think we're all kind of in the same boat right now. Some jellyfish, like those box jellyfish, they can totally control where they're going. They've got a mission. They're on it. But that being said, like, it's not like they're really good swimmers. And so if the currents even just a little bit strong, then they're probably going to get swept away.

Speaker 5:
[18:24] Okay, this next question was asked by Stephanie Hancock, Lily Sakers, Roxanne Parker, Andrea Marsh, Melissa Hutton, first time question askers, Kristen C and Mercedes Maitland, and Adam Weaver, who says about this topic. Can we talk about how weird it is for a minute? Now, let's talk about a lot of people have this question, which I had no idea this existed before I put this up on Patreon and asked for questions. What about freshwater jellyfish? Who are they? Where do they live? How are they not salty?

Speaker 6:
[18:58] They're beautiful. They live all over. So these little buddies are called Craspid Acusta, and that's like the fancy science term. They are probably, maybe we're not 100 percent certain, but until more science is done, we'll say from around the Yangtze region in China, and then at some point, like maybe 100, 200 years ago, someone was like, I really love this aquatic plant. I'm going to bring it back to Europe. There was a little jellyfish seed stuck on one of the plants, from those little polyps when they leave their little footprints behind. So that then grew into a polyp, which started making jellyfish in one pond, and then it seed spread to other ponds, and so now they're all over. So we have them in the US. They're in almost every state, and they love to live in cool, calm water, and they can be transported between ponds, like on shoes or kayaks, or if a bird steps on a jellyfish seed and then swims to another pond.

Speaker 5:
[20:05] Oh my God.

Speaker 6:
[20:06] We'll usually show up for a month or two, sort of at the end of the summer, beginning of the fall, at least where I live. I saw some of all places, Walden Pond, like Thoreau's pond. Yeah.

Speaker 5:
[20:19] Okay. Just an aside, I looked us up and they were first spotted in September of 2010. And headlines in Boston papers read, Walden Pond invaded by jellyfish and mystery blooms on Walden Pond. Now, in one story, an aquarium representative was quoted as saying that the freshwater jellies were wickedly cool, which is the most 2010 Bostonian way to comment. Anyway, Rebecca describes the wicked cool nickel sized floating water bags.

Speaker 6:
[20:51] So we get to this pond. It was beautiful. Like all the leaves were turning. It was really cold. My friend who was with me was like carrying all my gear, right? I had like snorkeling gear. I had my little swimsuit and some pool noodles. Because I was like I'm going to need to stay afloat and I don't want to have to swim to stay afloat. So I was like October in Massachusetts with me and my circle gear are like floating on a pool noodle in the middle of a lake. Yeah, it was like no jellyfish, no jellyfish, no jellyfish, and then it was just jellyfish everywhere.

Speaker 5:
[21:21] Oh my God. How big a hot chocolate did you have after that?

Speaker 6:
[21:24] Huge. Huge. It was so cold. For jellyfish, for jellyfish.

Speaker 5:
[21:29] But for jellyfish. Wow. So man, this woman loves jellyfish. And B. Abbott has a question from Lauren, who's nine and Clark, who's seven. They want to know if jellyfish poop. What's the deal?

Speaker 6:
[21:43] Well, they don't really have butts exactly. So it's more like we call, this is not the official scientific term, but among my like jellyfish and sea anemone friends, we call it throoping, because they kind of throw up poop, but they do not digest.

Speaker 5:
[22:00] Oh no.

Speaker 6:
[22:01] Yeah. So they throop out their may-ness.

Speaker 5:
[22:05] Is it out their may-ness? Is it like a gelatinous also, or is it just like fish poop?

Speaker 6:
[22:11] It's more like just leftover, like it would be like if you peel the shrimp.

Speaker 5:
[22:15] Okay, that makes sense.

Speaker 6:
[22:16] Yeah. So it's not really like a pellet of poo, right? It's just sort of like if you peel the shrimp or if you, you know, like de-boned a fish, right? That stuff just kind of comes out the mouth again.

Speaker 5:
[22:28] Ooh, that's one way to do it, man.

Speaker 6:
[22:31] Yeah, so simple.

Speaker 5:
[22:32] Y'all, they throw up poop from their mouth anus. You sauntered into this episode, not having any idea. You'd be walking a lap around the park or harvesting radishes in the backyard or filing paperwork, hearing the term, throoping out my may-ness. And yet, is there anything more efficient, more aspirational than a may-ness throop? It sounds clean and easy. Have you been stung?

Speaker 6:
[23:00] Yes. Yes.

Speaker 5:
[23:01] Like a lot?

Speaker 6:
[23:02] I've been stung maybe half a dozen times.

Speaker 5:
[23:05] How bad is it?

Speaker 6:
[23:06] So it depends on the species.

Speaker 5:
[23:08] Okay.

Speaker 6:
[23:08] Some species kind of tickle and they're kind of itchy. So the moon jellyfish that I was stung by, it sort of felt like I was being very mildly electrocuted. Yeah. So I wouldn't really put it on the pleasant end of the spectrum, but it wasn't terrible. It wasn't like I'm never doing that again kind of a moment. It was just like, I'm going to think harder about the next time I touch a moon jellyfish. There are stinging nettles and they stink. I would not ever recommend grabbing a stinging nettle. I totally made this mistake and it was so embarrassing. Oh my god. I promise this looks really bad, but I know what I'm doing. But it bruised. It bruised for a while. I will say the third time I was stung, I was kayaking by myself. And afterwards, I was like, you know, I've heard this pee thing. And I just don't know if it's true, but I want to try it. And I can personally and professionally tell you it does not work.

Speaker 5:
[24:08] Yep. Oh, no. Oh, geez.

Speaker 6:
[24:10] And it's even worse. It's not really that effective. So you're just like, okay, well, now I'm just like covered in pee and it still hurts.

Speaker 5:
[24:18] It's a bad day at the office a little bit. And now this is going to be such a difficult question. What is your favorite thing about Jellyfish? Do you even know?

Speaker 6:
[24:30] You know, I love that no matter how much I know about, I'm almost always surprised by something new every time I go to the ocean. So it's just like, there's constantly something weird or unusual or bizarre that you're just like, I don't even think what's it doing? How's it happening? Like, I love, I love that. And, you know, not a lot of people have studied Jellyfish, right? Like there are certain things that if you're like, I really want to study this. It's like, well, okay, like you and 50,000 other people, right? Like, I really want to study fruit flies. Well, there is like a lot of work done on fruit flies, which isn't to say that there's not new stuff to be done. There's always new stuff to be done. They have to like really dig deep. Whereas with Jellyfish, you know, you just kind of look at it and you're like, I don't know what that is. Do you know what that is? No, I don't know what that is either. Let's just study it. So that's awesome. I also, I feel like Jellyfish are very much like an aspirational kind of like state of being. I'm so neurotic and they're just so chill.

Speaker 5:
[25:41] They are so soothing to look at. I wonder if they've ever done like human physiology tests while looking at Jellyfish at like heart rate and respiration rate like slows.

Speaker 6:
[25:51] I will volunteer. If someone is doing the study, let me know. I will sign up because I feel very calmed by Jellyfish. I think, I don't know, I feel like a lot of people seem to get kind of like zoned out.

Speaker 5:
[26:05] I hope you know this has been one of the most delightful interviews I have ever done. You are amazing.

Speaker 6:
[26:13] This has been so much fun. Also, I have a friend who has been asking me for like a year. He's like, have you reached out yet? I think you should really go to Ologies. I'm like, I'm too scared because I also listen to your podcast.

Speaker 5:
[26:26] And it's like, this has been so fun. You are just amazing. I'm a huge fan. This has been so awesome. Oh my gosh. So ask smart people silly jelly questions because we're all just a bunch of talking heaps of meat. Nothing matters. Also, thank you to Rebecca's friend, Science Illustrator Julie Johnson, for urging her to tweet at me about being on. The world owes you both a debt of gratitude. The world owes you both a debt of Jalattitude. And thank you for tuning in to Smologies. If you liked the show, tell your friends, tell your teachers, tell anyone who might need a good science podcast and likes learning. We like to keep things short around here. So to find us on social media, check out the links in the show notes. You can find all kinds of good stuff there, including all the credits. And huge thanks, of course, to producer and lead editor Mercedes Maitland of Maitland Audio and editor Jake Chaffee for making sure that these find their way into your ears every week. And if you stick around to the very, very end, I give you a piece of advice, and I cannot take credit for it. I mean, I could take credit for it if I wanted to lie to you, but I could never lie to you. So this is from a listener named Reina, who said, my advice is to never stop flipping over rocks to look for bugs. And then a ladybug emoji. But I want to follow that up with advice from Daniel White, another listener, who said, if you flip rocks looking for snakes, pull the rock toward yourself, so there's a barrier between you and whatever is under said rock. So yeah, pull the rock toward you, they say, but don't roll it on your foot. It get help if you need to. But yeah, take a look under a rock. Put the rock back for the critters, but you never know who's under there. Okay, bye bye.

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