transcript

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[00:06] This is Crime House. In the late 1800s, residents in the French village of Rennes-les-Châteaux noticed something strange about their local priest. When Baranier Sonnier first moved to the village in 1885, he lived a humble life. He spent his days taking care of the church, hunting and fishing in the mountains, and preaching the word of God each Sunday. But all that changed in 1896. That year, Sonnier started spending tons of money on renovating the town and church. He paid for new roads and a water pump. He added murals, statues, and Latin carvings to the chapel. He even built a tower for St. Mary Magdalene, one of Christ's disciples. By the time he died in 1917, Sonnier had spent thousands of francs on elaborate projects, the equivalent of more than 4.5 million euros today. But the numbers just didn't add up. Sonnier came from a poor family and received a tiny annual salary from the church. Nobody could figure out where he got the money until the 1960s. That's when a French author named Gerard de Sedd learned some shocking information. According to him, back in 1891, Sonnier had stumbled across a set of 600-year-old parchments underneath the church. Those documents detailed a wild alternate history of the early days of Christianity. Not only that, but according to de Sedd, the authors were members of a secret society known as the Priory of Sion. They'd paid Sonnier a fortune to keep this explosive information under wraps. Because if anyone learned the truth, it would interfere with their plans for world domination. From UFO cults and mass suicides to secret CIA experiments, presidential assassinations and murderous doctors, these aren't just theories, they're real stories that blur the line between fact and fiction. I'm Vanessa Richardson, and this is Conspiracy Theories, Cults, & Crimes, a Crime House original powered by PAVE Studios. Every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, I'll explore the real people at the center of the world's most shocking events and nefarious organizations. And remember, those Monday episodes will also be on YouTube with full video. You can find them every Saturday. Just search for Conspiracy Theories, Cults, & Crimes, and be sure to like and subscribe. These cases are wild, and I want to hear what you think. At the end of each episode, leave a comment wherever you listen. Be sure to rate, review, and follow so we can continue building this community together. And for ad-free access to all three episodes, subscribe to Crime House Plus on Apple Podcasts. Today, I am talking about a secret society called the Priory of Sion, which was allegedly founded in the Middle Ages. According to this group, most of what we know about Christianity is false. In their alternate history, Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene had children who went on to rule over France, and it was the Priory of Sion's job to make sure their sacred bloodline returned to power in the modern day. But years later, we're still wondering, what's the truth? Is the Priory of Sion plotting to take over the world? Or is all the evidence for this conspiracy an elaborate prank? All that and more coming up. In the late 1800s, a French priest named Béranger Sonnier discovered a treasure trove of documents hidden in the basement of his church. These documents belonged to a secret society called the Priory of Sion, and they detailed a very different version of Christian history than what's taught in Sunday school. And the most important person in their story is a supporting character from the Bible, one of Jesus's earliest disciples, a woman named Mary Magdalene. Not much is known about Mary Magdalene's life before she met Jesus. Some Christians believe she was a wealthy noble woman. Others think she was a sex worker who gave up her old life when she began following Jesus. Either way, by the year 33 CE, Jesus's teachings had grown controversial, and he was arrested by local Roman authorities. After a brief trial, he was sentenced to death, then publicly crucified in front of his followers, including Mary Magdalene. In the wake of his death, Jesus's body was placed in a nearby cave. The entrance was sealed with a large rock, turning it into a makeshift tomb. Christians believe that three days later, Mary Magdalene went to visit his tomb. There, she found that the rock was missing, and Jesus's body was gone. Instead, an angel was waiting for her in the empty tomb, who informed her that Jesus had risen from the dead. Not long after, Jesus returned to Magdalene and his other disciples, in his resurrected form, and told them to spread his teachings across the world. Then he ascended into the sky and disappeared into the clouds on his way to heaven. His disciples compiled the stories of his life and beliefs into what eventually became the Bible, and they crowned his most devoted follower, Peter, as the first pope of what would become the Catholic Church. This story is foundational to every major Christian faith. You probably know it already, but according to the parchments discovered by the French priest Barange-Sognier in 1891, there was a lot more going on behind the scenes. The hidden documents made it clear that Mary Magdalene was much more than just another follower. According to them, she was his wife, and these weren't the only documents that put forward a different take on biblical history. While most mainstream Christian texts maintain that Jesus was celibate and never married, historical documents suggest that Jesus and Magdalene had a more intimate relationship, and Sonier's parchments aren't the only proof of this. In 1945, archaeologists discovered a collection of papyrus scrolls in the northern Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi. These scrolls, believed to have been written within a century of Jesus' death, contain details about his life that don't appear in the Bible. In the Nag Hammadi scrolls, Mary Magdalene is repeatedly referred to as Jesus' companion. The texts say that Jesus, quote, loved her more than all the disciples, and often kissed her on the mouth. In fact, they had such a close relationship that it started to cause drama with Jesus' other followers. According to the scrolls, at one point his other disciples got jealous and demanded to know why he loved Magdalene more than the rest of them. The church's official position is that the anecdotes in the Nag Hammadi scrolls aren't true. They treat them sort of like fanfiction. Stories featuring Jesus written by an over-enthusiastic supporter which aren't part of the official canon of his life. But according to the secret documents discovered by Beringer Sainier, the stories contained in these scrolls are very real. And the documents added even more color to the story. They alleged that Magdalene wasn't just Jesus' wife. Apparently, at the time of his crucifixion, she was pregnant with one or more of his children. Here's the version of events according to the documents. Shortly after witnessing Jesus' death, resurrection, and ascent into heaven, Mary Magdalene boarded a boat with several other disciples and left the Holy Land. They spent some time at sea before finally landing at Marseille, a Mediterranean port city in the south of France. Presumably, Magdalene and the other disciples thought this would be a safe place for her to give birth and raise Jesus' children. It was far from Jerusalem and the Roman authorities who had sentenced Jesus to death, and the city had a well-established Jewish community that helped hide her true identity, and the identity of her children. The documents go on to say that Magdalene lived the rest of her days in southern France. Over the next four centuries, her children married local residents and had more children of their own. And by the fifth century, one member of this sacred bloodline married into a noble Christian family known as the Merovingian dynasty. The Merovingians are a legendary part of European history. After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE, they united the residents of modern-day France and Germany under a single banner. Between the fifth century and the eighth century, Merovingian kings were the most powerful rulers on the continent. They were also renowned for their wisdom. Many Merovingian rulers were poets and authors who valued education and built theaters and other cultural institutions. Some said the Merovingian kingdom was as sophisticated as the Roman and Byzantine empires that came before it. According to the documents Baranje-Saunier uncovered, the Merovingians were able to achieve so much because they had a secret weapon. A direct biological connection to God himself. Allegedly, the blood of Jesus flowing through their veins gave the Merovingians supernatural powers. They could heal people's injuries and illnesses just by touching them. They could telepathically communicate with animals who followed their every command. And they were uncommonly healthy and resistant to disease. Because they knew they were directly related to God, the Merovingians were famously devout Christians. So much so that they were known as priest kings, and they reinforced that devotion through a long-standing alliance with the Catholic Church in Rome. But after roughly 250 years of Merovingian rule, that sacred alliance fell apart. By 679 CE, leaders in the Catholic Church were tired of sharing power with the Merovingians. So that year, they conspired with traitors within the Merovingian court to murder the king Dagobart II in his sleep. After that, the Merovingian dynasty fell into a long and drawn-out power struggle. The Church exploited the chaos and financed a rival dynasty named the Carolingians. By the year 800, the Merovingians had officially been replaced by Carolingian rulers like Charlemagne, who took their orders directly from the Church. By that point, a few Merovingian descendants went into hiding in France, where they maintained the sacred bloodline and plotted their return to power. That plan, to put God's chosen rulers back on top, would evolve over the next millennium. And there was one group working in the shadows to make sure everything went off without a hitch. They were called the Priory of Sion. According to the documents Béranger Sonier found in his church basement, Jesus was married to his follower, Mary Magdalene, and they had at least one child together. Following his crucifixion, Magdalene fled to France, where her children intermarried with a dynasty of powerful kings called the Merovingians. In the seventh century, the Merovingians lost the throne, and the survivors went into hiding, preserving their sacred bloodline in secret, so they could one day return to power. According to these hidden documents, one of those secret descendants of the Merovingians was a French nobleman named Godfrey de Bouillon. And in the year 1096, he was given a mission. He was one of hundreds of thousands of Christian soldiers who followed the Pope's orders to travel to the Holy Land and reclaim it from its Muslim rulers. In 1099, the First Crusade ended in victory when Godfrey's forces captured the city of Jerusalem. Now that he controlled the Holy City where Jesus had lived and died, Godfrey created a secret society made up of other people with Merovingian blood and their allies. Godfrey built a small monastery on Jerusalem's Mount Zion, commonly spelled as Mount Sion in French, and established an order of monks, also known as a Priory. This monastery was well fortified, surrounded by thick walls, towers, and battlements. The monks living inside called themselves the Priory of Sion. Some of them were Merovingians, while others were simply devout Christians who supported the Merovingians as God's chosen people. Together, they conspired to get the Merovingians back in power. In the year 1116, members of the Priory allegedly established the Knights Templar. On the surface, this militant organization was dedicated to protecting Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. But secretly, they served as the military arm of the Priory of Sion. Over the next hundred years, the Priory of Sion allegedly orchestrated multiple new crusades to provide cover for their real mission, seeking out biblical relics from all over the Middle East. During the Crusades, massive bloody battles raged throughout the Middle East as Christian and Muslim armies fought over holy sites. Allegedly, the Priory decided which cities and regions to target based on where they believed sacred biblical artifacts might be hidden. After the Knights Templar and other Christian soldiers conquered a city, members of the Priory of Sion would conduct secret excavations. They recovered long-lost relics, including the Ark of the Covenant, the Bones of Christ, and the Holy Grail. These precious items were then brought back to Europe and hidden away. The reason for all this biblical treasure-hunting didn't have anything to do with money. It was all about legitimacy. The Priory of Sion was preparing for the moment when they and their allies would be in position of power throughout Europe. On that day, they would finally reveal their true identities as kings descended from God. The goal was to establish a holy European empire ruled by a single Merovingian priest-king. But anyone can say they are God's chosen ruler. The Priory knew they'd seem more legitimate if they had all those holy artifacts in their possession. So they spent 70 years working with the Knights Templar to continue stockpiling priceless pieces of history. Despite how successful they were, tension was growing between the Knights and the Priory. In 1187, the armies of the Muslim ruler Saladin laid siege to Jerusalem and successfully recaptured the city. The Priory blamed the Knights Templar for the loss, but the Knights said it was the Priory's fault. There was so much bad blood between the two organizations that the Priory of Sion formally separated from the Knights Templar the following year. After that, the Knights Templar carried on as an independent organization, fighting in crusades across the Holy Land until they disbanded in 1312. But by the time the two groups split, the Priory didn't really need an army anymore. They'd already recovered many of the most important Christian artifacts from Middle Eastern war zones. So after the breakup, the Priory of Sion retreated into the shadows. They spent the next few centuries working behind the scenes to install Merovingian rulers across Europe. In the 1600s, a cardinal named Jules Mazarin had become an influential advisor to the French King Louis XIV. In fact, Mazarin was so powerful that many people considered him the de facto ruler of France. But he was aligned with the Catholic Church, the enemy of the Priory of Sion. So the Priory worked to drum up opposition to Mazarin. These efforts culminated in the Fronde, a series of brutal civil wars between 1648 and 1653. It's estimated that 50,000 people died in these wars. And in a setback for the Priory, Mazarin managed to hold on to his position. But even then, the Priory wasn't giving up on reclaiming the French crown. In 1815, the Priory allegedly orchestrated the downfall of one of the most powerful French leaders of all time, Napoleon Bonaparte. Apparently, the Priory had infiltrated Napoleon's army while he was trying to conquer Europe. These operatives sabotaged the French forces, which ultimately led to Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. And more than a century later, the Priory put the next phase of their plan into motion, making one of their supporters the most powerful person in France. In the late 1950s, France was in crisis. The French colonies in Algeria were trying to declare independence. Colonial authorities responded with force, which led to a long, bloody, and expensive guerrilla war. The French president at the time, René Cotille, was widely seen as weak and incompetent. And the war in Algeria only made him less popular. The Priory of Sion saw all this and decided it was the perfect opportunity to put one of their allies in power. Charles de Gaulle had been a leader of the French Resistance during World War II, and was extremely popular around the country. More importantly, de Gaulle was a true believer in the Merovingian dynasty. In public statements, he referred to France as, quote, a Christian country, and said that French history began with the rise of the Merovingians, an influential member of the Priory of Sion. A French author named Pierre Plantard had been following de Gaulle for a while, and eventually he stepped out of the shadows to help de Gaulle rise to power. In May of 1958, Plantard and his allies in the Priory began organizing military officers, politicians, and ordinary French voters into so-called Committees of Public Safety. These groups rallied publicly and privately also for President Cotille to step down and appoint de Gaulle to lead a national unity government. Eventually those Committees got what they wanted. On May 29, 1958, President Cotille announced that he would step down and appoint de Gaulle as an interim Prime Minister. A few months later, de Gaulle was formally elected President and went on to serve for the next 11 years. But he never forgot the secret society that helped him get there. In July of 1958, de Gaulle wrote a letter to Pierre Plantard thanking him and the Priory of Sion for their assistance. The Priory's thousand-year quest to place Merovingians in positions of power seemed to be running smoothly. Thanks to the quick thinking of Pierre Plantard, a committed supporter of the Merovingians was now in charge of France. The Priory already had its hands on sacred biblical artifacts hidden in secret vaults. Now, the group just needed to help a few more Merovingian leaders get into power. Once that was done, they could finally take center stage with their holy European empire and restore the Merovingians to their rightful place on the throne. But before that could happen, historians started connecting the dots. In 1967, French author Gérard Doucet began researching Barragé Sonnier. He wanted to understand how a small town French priest in the 1890s suddenly became so wealthy. Through his research, Doucet learned about the secret parchments that Sonnier discovered hidden in his church and the secret society that paid him to keep their secret. Miraculously, Doucet was able to track down two of the parchments in the archives of a French library. He took photos and included the documents in a book he wrote about the secret history of the Merovingian kings and the Priory of Sion, called The Gold of Wren. It didn't make much of a splash at first, but that all changed in the mid-1970s when a documentary filmmaker named Henry Lincoln cracked open the book on vacation. Lincoln went on to produce three BBC documentaries investigating the claims found in Sonnier's documents. Through his research, Lincoln uncovered dozens of historical documents, some of them in the archives of the French National Library, which seemed to back up the story. He and his team found ancient letters and parchments that alluded to Mary Magdalene's presence in France in the first century. They found genealogical data that her descendants married into the Merovingian bloodline, and they discovered coded phrases and careful references to a powerful secret society protecting that bloodline. In 1982, Lincoln and his research team wrote about their findings in a best-selling book, Holy Blood, Holy Grail. Their story of secret societies and 2,000-year-old conspiracies became a worldwide phenomenon. This seemed like disaster for the Priory of Sion. For close to a thousand years, they'd carefully guarded their secrets. Now, those secrets were being exposed in a popular airport paperback. But in reality, this was exactly what the Priory of Sion wanted. Because all this hidden history, the secret society, the shadowy manipulation of world events, the biblical intrigue was fake. The Priory of Sion was all just the work of a single French conman. His name was Pierre Plantard. In the 1970s, the Priory of Sion and their Conspiracy Theory about Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene went public. Their alternate history went on to inspire several bestselling books, including The Da Vinci Code. But the facts behind these unbelievable stories weren't true. They were actually the work of an attention seeking Frenchman named Pierre Plantard. Pierre Plantard was born in Paris in 1920 and came from humble roots. His parents both worked as servants for wealthy families. In 1937, at the age of 17, Plantard left school and also went to work serving a higher power. He took a job as a sacrustin, a person who cleans and maintains churches. But Plantard wasn't happy with the simple life. He dreamed of doing something much bigger than sweeping empty churches. He wanted to be part of the heroic legends and epic histories that surrounded him in the chapels. And he longed to return to the French monarchy before the French Revolution of the late 1700s. Luckily for him, he was in good company. Plantard got involved with several right-wing monarchist activist groups that advocated for a return to a feudal system. Unsurprisingly, he actively supported the Nazi occupation of France in 1941 and shared their anti-Semitic beliefs. Then in 1942, Plantard formed his own monarchist group, called Alpha Galat. The group had extremely complicated rules, initiation rituals, and internal ranking systems. The highest-ranking official was called the Druidic Majesty, a title Plantard gave himself. Plantard clearly wanted people to believe that he was the beloved leader of a massive movement. When he registered his group with the German occupational authorities, he claimed to have over 3,000 members. But when officials investigated, they found that there were only 4 people in the group. In the aftermath of World War II, Alpha Galat collapsed. So Plantard started a similar organization called the Latin Academy. But it did even worse. The only members were him and his mother. By the early 1950s, it seemed like Plantard had gotten the message and tried to take a more traditional route. He got married and moved to a small town in the French countryside. But his domestic bliss didn't last long. In 1953, he was convicted of fraud for selling forged degrees and spent 6 months in prison. A few years later, in 1956, he was locked up again. This time on charges related to abusing a minor. While he was in prison, his wife divorced him. After he got out in 1957, Plantard was on his own again. So he did what he did best. He started another group. This one was less complicated and less political than the others. It was dedicated to advocating for low cost housing and named after a nearby hill called Mount Sion. He called it the Priory of Sion. At the time, it only had four members, but it wasn't long until the whole world knew their name. In 1958, during the crisis in Algeria, Plantar used the Priory of Sion to organize local support for Charles de Gaulle. But there was nothing that special about this. Like I said, de Gaulle was incredibly popular, and lots of French organizations backed him. After becoming president, de Gaulle sent Plantar a thank you letter for his support. This was probably a generic letter that thousands of other groups also received. And for a while, it seemed like that was it for the Priory of Sion. After the election, Plantar lost interest in the group for a few years. Then, in the 1960s, he somehow got involved in mysticism and began working as a psychic. But the money wasn't great, so at some point, Plantar realized that instead of predicting the future, he could rewrite the past. In the mid-1960s, Plantar decided to create his own version of the historical accounts he loved so much. He was inspired by local legends that claimed Mary Magdalene had come to the south of France after Jesus' crucifixion. He also drew from the Nag Hammadi Scrolls discovered 20 years earlier, which suggested that Jesus and Magdalene were married. Based on those two accounts, he cooked up a story about Magdalene coming to France and giving birth to Jesus' children, who then married into the Merovingian dynasty. It was exactly the kind of thing that a French monarchist would come up with, that the founding kings of France were literally related to God, and Plantard wrote his own club into the story too. Now, the Priory of Sion wasn't a small town civic group with four members. It was a super cool secret society dedicated to helping God's chosen people. Once he'd figured out the details, Plantard started forging documents and fake genealogies to support this alternate history. Then he and his friends snuck these forgeries into libraries all over France, where they could be discovered by researchers later. One of those friends was Gerard de Ced, the author of The Gold of Ren, the book that kicked off the whole phenomenon. Plantard and de Ced wrote The Gold of Ren together. Once again, they made the clever choice to thread their fake history into real events by incorporating the mystery of Beranger Sonnier. Because Sonnier, the French priest in the town of Ren-les-Chateaux, was a real person and he did inexplicably start spending large amounts of money on renovations to the town in the late 1800s, that was the stuff of local legend. What wasn't as well known was that the mystery had been solved a long time ago. In 1911, investigators from the Catholic Church learned that Sonier had made his money by illegally charging people for blessings and other church services. Sonier was punished by the church, stripped of his title, and died a few years later. But that explanation wasn't nearly as exciting as the one Plantard and Desaide came up with, that he'd stumbled onto a vast conspiracy and was bribed into silence by a secret society. While they'd come up with the story together, Desaide was the only one who put his name on the book. That was part of the plan. Plantard had positioned himself as a high-ranking member of the Priory of Sion, so he couldn't be publicly involved with the book that exposed the organization. The whole thing seemed like a harebrained scheme, but somehow it worked. The book was just convincing enough to catch the attention of the documentarian, Henry Lincoln. Once he started investigating, he discovered the documents Plantard and his friends had snuck into libraries all over the country. After that, this juicy story of conspiracies and secret biblical history caught on like wildfire, and so did Pierre Plantard, who was featured in the book. Plantard became a regular on the talk show circuit. In interviews, he was coy and refused to answer questions about the Priory of Sion, but he openly hinted that he was the last living descendant of Jesus Christ. Some journalists presented him as the rightful king of France. For a man who was obsessed with the French monarchy, it was a dream come true. The hoax had given him everything he'd ever wanted. But eventually, the hoax would take it away too. In 1993, 73-year-old Plantard claimed that a famous businessman, Roger Patrice Pella, had been the grand master of the Priory of Sion. Pella was powerful, politically connected, and had recently died. Which meant he couldn't dispute Plantard's claims. Plantard probably hoped that tying him to the Priory would make the organization look more influential. But that plan backfired. At the time of his death, Pella was under investigation for a bribery scandal involving top government officials, including the president. When the judge presiding over the investigation heard the rumor that Pella was involved with the Priory, he ordered a police raid on Plantard's house. He was looking for any information about Pella's corrupt business dealings. During the search, police didn't find anything related to the case. But they did find more than a hundred letters from Plantard and two of his friends discussing their plans to fabricate documents and spread the Priory hoax. After finding those letters, Plantard was called to testify under oath about his involvement with Pella and the activities of the Priory of Sion. During that public hearing, Plantard reluctantly revealed the truth. He admitted to forging and planting all the documents that made it look like he and his organization were the biological descendants of Jesus Christ. He confirmed that the Priory of Sion was not an ancient secret society. It was just a little club he started for attention. This put an end to Plantard's celebrity status. After the hearing, Plantard retreated to his house in the south of France. He died a few years later, in the year 2000, when he was 80. But Plantard's hoax didn't die with him. In 2003, 10 years after Plantard was exposed as a con artist, author Dan Brown used his claims as the supposedly factual basis for his novel, The Da Vinci Code. The book, which features the Priory of Sion as a shadowy, all-powerful secret society, breathed new life into Plantard's hoax. The Da Vinci Code was later adapted into a blockbuster action movie starring Tom Hanks. And today, Plantard's fake story is even more popular than when he was alive. In that way, Pierre Plantard is a lot like the French priest, Beringer Sonnier. They were both wrapped up in mysteries that captured people's imaginations. And when the public learned they were frauds, they chose to ignore the truth in favor of the more exciting version of events. But the Priory of Sion isn't the only organization that wanted to rewrite history. In Cult Watch this week, I'm highlighting the Congregation of the Light. Founded in New York City in the 1960s, the Congregation of the Light is an apocalyptic cult that believes its members are descended from an Aryan master race that originally lived in the lost city of Atlantis. Members think the human race originated on the moon before moving to Atlantis. They also believe that an upcoming apocalyptic event will wipe out all life on Earth. At that point, cult members will be reincarnated on a planet called Ney. Former members report extreme social isolation and control. They say they aren't allowed to interact with non-members, pursue higher education, or travel without permission. Cult leaders allegedly force them into arranged marriages, frequently pairing young women with much older men. Many others, including children, are reportedly subject to extreme physical, psychological, and sexual abuse. Up until recently, the group, which has an estimated 200 members, operated out of a brownstone in Manhattan. But in 2017, the Congregation of the Light came under public scrutiny. At that point, they moved to a more private location in upstate New York. Even though they're flying under the radar, the cult is still active, with additional branches in Washington, DC and Atlanta. Just like the Priory of Sion, the Congregation of the Light is based on something out of a sci-fi story. But because of the power their cult leaders wield, members aren't allowed to decide when that story ends. Thanks so much for listening. I'm Vanessa Richardson, and this is Conspiracy Theories, Cults, & Crimes. Come back next time. We'll decode the episode together and hear another story about the real people at the center of the world's most notorious cults, conspiracies, and criminal acts. Conspiracy Theories, Cults, & Crimes is a Crime House original powered by PAVE Studios. Here at Crime House, we want to thank each and every one of you for your support. If you like what you heard today, reach out on social media at Crime House on TikTok and Instagram. Don't forget to rate, review, and follow Conspiracy Theories, Cults, & Crimes wherever you get your podcasts. Your feedback truly makes a difference. And to enhance your Conspiracy Theories, Cults, & Crimes listening experience, subscribe to Crime House Plus on Apple podcasts. You'll get every episode ad free. We'll be back on Friday. Conspiracy Theories, Cults, & Crimes is hosted by me, Vanessa Richardson, and is a Crime House original powered by PAVE Studios. This episode was brought to life by the Conspiracy Theories, Cults, & Crimes team, Max Cutler, Ron Shapiro, Alex Benedon, Natalie Pritzofsky, Laurie Marinelli, Sarah Camp, Truman Capps, Leah Roche, Kaylee Pine, and Michael Langsner. Thank you for listening.